Masala chai
Proper masala chai is simmered, not steeped: whole spices and fresh ginger are boiled with black tea, then milk is added and brought to a rolling boil to make it rich and creamy.
7 recipes that use cloves, with photos, step-by-step instructions and cook times. The quickest, Masala chai, takes 10 minutes. It is most often cooked with black peppercorns, cinnamon stick and coriander seeds.
Run out of cloves? Ground cloves, ¼ tsp for every 3 whole cloves.
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Proper masala chai is simmered, not steeped: whole spices and fresh ginger are boiled with black tea, then milk is added and brought to a rolling boil to make it rich and creamy.
Home-made garam masala is far more fragrant than shop-bought. The whole spices are roasted until crisp, then ground, giving a warm, slightly hot blend with dry ginger and red chilli. Add a pinch to curries, dals and rice dishes towards the end of cooking.
A heady North Indian garam masala heavy with cardamom, cumin and pepper, rounded out with mace, nutmeg and fennel. The spices are ground raw rather than roasted, so the blend stays bright and perfumed. Use it in rich Punjabi curries such as chole, rajma and paneer makhani.
An everyday curry powder that's built on coriander seeds, so it's fragrant rather than fiery. Fennel, star anise and bay give it a sweet warmth, with just two red chillies for heat. Season curries with it when you want flavour without much heat.
A Gujarati dal masala with whole spices roasted in a little oil, plus star anise, black cardamom and dagad phool (stone flower) for depth. A teaspoon gives dals, kadhi and khichdi a warm, rounded flavour. The recipe makes a big batch, so it's worth making once a season.
The spice blend that turns a cup of tea into masala chai. It's built on cardamom, with ginger, cinnamon, cloves, pepper and nutmeg. Add a pinch (about ¼ tsp per cup) to tea while it boils.
A proper home-made ketchup: fresh tomato puree boiled down with sugar and a muslin bag of whole spices, then sharpened with vinegar. It's thick, glossy and gently spiced. It keeps for a long time in the fridge and is great in pasta dishes.